The Effect of False Memory on Mental Confusion among Veteran Athletes in Selected Sports
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of the research was to develop two scales, one for false memory and the other for mental confusion, and to identify their levels among veteran athletes in selected sports. It also sought to examine the effect of false memory, its relationship, and its contribution to mental confusion among veteran athletes in some sports. The descriptive method with a correlational approach was employed on a sample of (504) individuals, representing (16.111%) of the original population of veteran athletes in Baghdad, officially registered in 2025. The sample was divided into three groups (exploratory, construction, and application). After completing the construction and survey phases, the data were processed using the (SPSS) system. The conclusions revealed that the false memory and mental confusion scales are psychometric tools in sport psychology, valid for measuring the phenomena for which they were designed and can be adopted to assess these two constructs among veteran athletes in some sports. The results further indicated that veteran athletes exhibit a concerning level of false memory and mental confusion, which are likely to increase with age. Moreover, higher levels of false memory contribute to higher levels of mental confusion among veteran athletes, with a direct, adverse correlation. The most important recommendations emphasized the necessity for the Ministry of Youth and Sports to increase attention to recreational aspects and to establish clubs dedicated to the elderly, providing mental training programs through scientific methods based on sport psychology concepts. This aims to offer support and protection against mental disorders that may appear with aging.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
إحسان، تغريد. (2025). العمليات العقلية والمعرفية. الإسكندرية. دار المرفأ للنشر والتوزيع.
جريدة الوقائع العراقية –القانون رقم (6) لسنة (2013)- العدد (4269) في (25/2/2013).
الحردان، أسامة. (2021). الذكاء الإنفعالي. الرياض. دار الملك عبد العزيز للنشر.
حرير، سوزان. (2023). بديهيات الذاكرة العقلية. بيروت, جامعة الجنان.
خزاما، جهاد أحمد. (2018). أثر الذاكرة العاملة في إنتاج الذكريات الزائفة المرتبطة بالأحداث الإنفعالية لدى عينة من طلبة جامعة اليرموك. رسالة ماجستير. جامعة اليرموك. كلية التربية.
الدقي، إيمان إمام. (2024). تطوير الدماغ والذكاء الإصطناعي. الإسكندرية. دار المرفأ للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع.
العفون، نادية العفون. (2024). علم نفس الشيخوخة. عمان. دار إيفاقة للنشر والتوزيع.
معروف، أسماء رشدي. (2023). الذاكرة والتذكر. بنها. دار الصفا للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع.
المغربي، إسماعيل فاروق. (2017). مفارقات التذكر والنسيان. القاهرة. مطابع مدينة نصر.
الوقفي، راضي. (2011). صعوبات التعلم بين النظرية والتطبيق، ط(2)، عمان، دار المسيرة.
Iidaka T, Harada T, Sadato N. (2014) False memory for face in short-term memory and neural activity in human amygdala. Brain Res.;1591: 74–85. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.003.
Jeye BM, Karanian JM, Slotnick SD. (2017). The Anterior Prefrontal Cortex and the Hippocampus Are Negatively Correlated during False Memories. Brain Sci. doi: 10.3390/brainsci7010013.
LaBar KS, Cabeza R. (2006). Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nat Rev Neurosci. 7: 54–64. doi: 10.1038/nrn1825.
Howe, M., Garner. S., Charlesworth, M. & Knott, L. (2010). A brighter side to memory illusions: False memories prime children and adults' insight-based problem solving. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108(2), 383-393.
Howe, M., Garuer, S., Threadgold, E. & Dall, L. (2015). Priming analogical reasoning with false memories. Memory & Cognition. 43.879-895.
Stark, C. Okado, Y. & Loftus, E. (2010). Imaging the reconstruction of true and false memories using sensory reactivation and the misinformation paradigms. Learning & Memory, 17.485-488.
Lie, Y., Ni, Z., He, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Yang, S., & Yin, N. (2021). The influence of positive emotion and negative emotion on false memory based on EEG signal analysis. Neuroscience letters, 764, 136203.
Okado, Y. & Stark. C. (2019) Neural activity during encoding predicate false memories created by misinform-mation. For www.learnmem.org.on
Matthews BR. Memory Dysfunction. Contain Lifelong Learn Neurol. (2015). 21. 613–626. doi: 10.1212/01.CON.0000466656.59413.29.
Melinder, A., Toffalini, E., Geccherle, E. & Cornoldi, C. (2017). Positive events protect ct children from causal false Memories for scripted events. Journal of momory, 25(10), 1366–1374.
Rendell PG, Craik FI. (2000). Virtual week and actual week: Age-related differences in prospective memory. Apple Cong Psychol. 14: 43–62.
Turk KW, Palumbo R, Deason RG, et al. (2020). False memories: The other side of forgetting. J Int Neuropsychol Soc JINS. 26:545–556. doi: 10.1017/S1355617720000016.
Wojcik EH. (2013). Remembering New Words: Integrating Early Memory Development into Word Learning. Front Psychol. 4:151. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00151
Zhu, B., Chen, C., Shao, X., Liu, W., Ye, Z., Zhuang, L., Zheng. L., Loftus, E. & Xue, G. (2019). Multiple interactive memory representations underlie the induction of false memory. PNAS. 116(9).3466-347.