Construction and standardization of the instantaneous refractometer for Iraqi League volleyball players in a seated position

Abstract

The study aimed to build and validate a Momentary Psychological Breakdown Scale for sitting volleyball players, due to the lack of a specialized instrument suited to the nature of the game and the target population. A descriptive survey method was employed, and the scale was administered to a sample of 160 sitting volleyball players representing 10 clubs from northern, central, and southern regions of Iraq. The scale was developed based on relevant literature, expert opinions, a pilot study, and item statistical analysis. The final version of the scale consisted of 32 items distributed across five domains: emotional tension, lack of concentration, fluctuation of self-confidence, momentary negative thinking, and poor behavioral control. The results indicated that the scale demonstrated acceptable levels of validity and reliability. Norms were also established and applied to the study sample to determine levels of momentary psychological breakdown among players. The study recommends using the scale in future research on broader samples.